The Globalization Of Eating Disorders - 963 Words

Soundness in the Globalization of Eating Disorders In her essay, â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders,† Susan Bordo informs her audience of the growing trends in eating disorders. Through her argument, Bordo illustrates the cruel identity of body-image distortion syndrome while she searches for a solution to the eating-disorder problem by looking to its birthplace in culture. Making use of several examples and scenarios, facts and statistics, and appeals to pathos and logos to construct her argument, Bordo shows a strong intent on eradicating the growing crisis in a reasonably sound argument. Bordo establishes herself as an authority figure through her extensive education in English and women’s studies. In her prolific writing career, Bordo often places emphasis on Western culture and its lasting viewpoints toward gender and the body, and in view of this, Bordo’s argument paves way to influence her audience through her credibility as an expert on women and the body images that plague them. As this authority figure, Bordo claims that the media and cultural influence have created a negative influence on humanity’s conceived standard of beauty, and as a result, have caused the spread of eating disorders. Employing her essay with key terms like body image, anorexia, and bulimia among other disorders, the essayist has written her piece rife with appeals to pathos to define them; the essay’s introduction carries her readers into a girl’s mind who struggles with her appearanceShow MoreRelatedGlobalization of Eating Disorders1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe Globalization of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are a huge problem across the nation. Some of these disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia-nervosa, binge eating, and body dysmorphic disorder. Anorexia is a disorder in which subject obsesses about food and how much they eat, while a Bulimic person eats an excessive amount of food, then purges. People affected by these disorders are obsessed with food however; they do not want the calories, so they eat as much as they can, then throw itRead MoreThe Globalization Of Eating Disorders1623 Words   |  7 PagesIn the writing â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders† the author, Susan Bordo strongly uses the pathos appeal to influence the emotions of her audience. This writing speaks in detail about the growing issue of eating disorders, that is not only becoming an international issue; but as well I an issue that now affects young men and women alike. The way that this author uses this specific appeal is in a large part with very personal and relatable d ialogue, about the sufferings of young adults thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Globalization Of Eating Disorders 854 Words   |  4 Pages Eating Disorders In the essay â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders† by Susan Bordo speaks about eating disorders. In society today appearance is a huge factor. Even though appearance has always been a major thing but now day’s people take it to the extreme when trying to have a certain body image. Now day’s people think beauty is whatever is on the outside, instead of the inside and the outside. Most people go on crazy strict diets, surgery and some go through starvation in order to becomeRead MoreAnalysis Of Susan Bordo s Globalization Of Eating Disorders 993 Words   |  4 PagesDemi Lovato once said, â€Å"I’m not going to sacrifice my mental health to have the perfect body.† However, today we find that many individuals are doing the completely opposite. In Susan Bordo’s, â€Å"Globalization of Eating Disorders† essay, they fall into the media trap, the self-image trap, where they are concerned of what people may think about them. American s nowadays have pageants, modeling, and media to thank for this absurd notion. Fit women, along with strong men give this motivation to othersRead MoreEssay about Fast Food Globalization1351 Words   |  6 PagesFood Globalization Some people get confused when they hear the word, globalization. What is it? Globalization is a modern term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that result from dramatically increased international trade and cultural exchange. That means the world is slowly becoming one by producing goods and services in one part of the world, only to share it on an international level. This is a deeply controversial issue, however. Proponents of globalization argueRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )1453 Words   |  6 PagesBinge Eating Disorder Binge eating disorder (BED) is a psychiatric condition characterized by the consumption of large quantities of food in a specific amount of time, and feeling out of control while eating. BED also involves feelings of guilt and shame after binging but is not accompanied by compensatory behaviors, such as purging or vomiting. Binge eating is described by â€Å"eating at a fast pace, eating until feeling uncomfortably full, eating when not feeling hungry, eating alone to hide the amountRead MoreQuestions On Physical Health And Weight Management851 Words   |  4 PagesWHAT? This module is all about physical health. The reading begins with the three function of the food, which sets the tones of eating. The seven components of food gave a basic idea and knowledge of what food really are and what do they do to our body, or why do we need them. All of those were for chapter five and I would say those were the most of the stuff that we need to know to get into nutrition or a diet at this level for right now. As I was starting with the chapter six, the first point theRead MoreA New Kind Of Epidemic1476 Words   |  6 PagesChacin Chasity Drew English 1006-003 2 November 2014 A New Kind of Epidemic Globalization has created a strong tendency for young people around the world to follow a series of norms, generally attributed to Western civilizations, seeking to construct this idealized image of what beauty should be. Popular media, intentionally or not, has managed to successfully disseminate all over the globe. The Globalization of Eating Disorders written in 2003 by English professor and feminist philosopher Susan BordoRead MoreThe Westernization of Eastern Countries Is Increasing the Frequency and Severity of Eating Disorders2046 Words   |  8 PagesGlobalization is the integration of countries’ individual culture and traditions into one global, conglomerate culture. It leads to the spread of the dominant western culture into many eastern countries. Eating disorders are typically associated with industrialized countries primarily, but because of the globalization the economy and society they are appearing more and more in developing countries such as China and Korea. Eating disorders like Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are fairly newRead MoreAmerican Fashion Industry in 21st Century1555 Words   |  7 Pagesaccompanied by exploitation of labor, eating disorder particularly in models and also the growth of counterfeit products. The international fashion industry portrays an ideal body type commonly known as the ‘size zero’ which women often attempt to attain. This leads them down the road of low self-esteem, starvation and even self-mutilation often resulting in eating disorders, health issues and even suicide. Models between the age of 18 and 24 practically give up eating and also resort to using drugs and

table of proposal target and time scale - 10137 Words

Acknowledgment First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah s.w.t for making things easy for me on doing and completing this assignment. Secondly, I would like to thank my family and friends for supporting and helping me accomplishing my task. Without their support and trust, I could have never been able to accomplish this task brilliantly. Not forgetting my Business Strategy lecturer, Madam Marini Mohamed Azhari for all the help and guidance she had made. If it’s not for my lecturer, I would have never know how to do this task as good as I think I’ve been. For all the knowledge she had taught and shared, I would like to say thank you and it has been a great pleasure for me to accomplish this task by using the knowledge I’ve gained†¦show more content†¦Pfizer will have to take on retailers such as Target, Walmart, or Rite Aid, which already have programs in place, offering lower-priced generic drugs to their customers. In 2011, Pfizer will lose the patent for its most widely sold drug, Lipitor, which will have a huge impact on their sales once generic products enter the market. 2- Global pricing pressure: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8d1a1842-5649-11df-b835-00144feab49a.html#axzz1dt5ys5bp The increased use of generic drugs as well as the fact that in most countries the government controls the prices of medical products results in Pfizer facing increased pricing pressure. As government agencies have control over Pfizer s pricing, this could negatively influence their sales and revenue. In addition, the proposed legislation to control prices will most likely affect the company s business. 3- FDA s regulatory oversight: http://www.google.com.my/#pq=pharmaceutical+pricing+pressureshl=encp=21gs_id=96xhr=tq=fda s+regulatory+oversightpf=psclient=psyabsource=hppbx=1oq=fda s+regulatory+overaq=0naqi=qn1aql=gs_sm=gs_upl=bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_cp.,cf.osbfp=a943ccc3a173c5a3biw=1280bih=737 Regulations not only threaten to interfere with Pfizer s international business, but are also imminent for its business in the United States. With the FDA having increased regulatory power, Pfizer s costs areShow MoreRelatedCitibank: Launching the Credit Card1495 Words   |  6 PagesSingapore, Thailand, Taiwan, Malaysia, India, and Indonesia; Further develop Hong Kong market; Enter Korea Ââ€" whenever regulations allow it. • Use different appeals/ value prepositions: in India, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia emphasize status; target upper and upper-middle class; use Citibank and Dinners database to qualify customers and minimize credit risk; create strategic alliance with high-end retailers, providers of luxury services; in Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong emphasize service,Read MoreRequest For Proposal Rfp ( Rfp )1271 Words   |  6 PagesREQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP) WIRELESS COMP COMPANY REAPER MACHINES 2335 LENOX ST. CHARLOTTE, NC, 28056 8/11/2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND 2 2. PROPOSAL GUIDELINES 2 3. PROJECT PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION 3 4. PROJECT SCOPE 3 5. PROPOSAL AND PROJECT TIMELINE 4 6. BUDGET 5 7. PROPOSAL EVALUATION CRITERIA 6 1. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND Death Comm is currently accepting proposals to develop, design, launch, and host a new Wireless Network within their building. TheRead MoreCorporate Strategy1297 Words   |  6 Pagesshown below: Year | Company (created or allied with) | Industry | 1963 | Joint Venture (JV) with CBS bought out by Sony | Entertainment | 1965 | JV with Tektronix | Measuring equipment | 1969 | Sony Magnescale | Instrumentation for magnetic scales | 1975 | JV with Union Carbide | Battery business | 1979 | Sony Creative Products | Cosmetics | 1979 | JV with Prudential Insurance | Life Insurance | 1980’s | Sony Vaio | Computers | 1989 | Acquisition of Columbia Pictures | EntertainmentRead MoreCase1LastMileCopy1503 Words   |  7 Pagesoffering to correctly address their customer’s needs (Vitale). One of the two proposals that were on the table for strategic partnership was from Midwest Technologies Inc. The company is a large defense contractor and advanced technology supplier to many industries. They provide their advanced technology products to the automotive, aerospace, and information technology markets worldwide. The company is very large in scale and has been at the forefront of some of the significant technologies of theRead MoreFactors That Affect The Performance Of Mathematics1313 Words   |  6 Pagesbe given an equal chance to sit for an exam and his/her results compared to those of his parents. In order to determine the relationship between performance and genetics, each parent was asked to rate his likability to mathematics and the following scale was used to analyze this. Strongly good in math = 1 and strongly poor in math = 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The performance of each student was equated to the parent’s response and an analysis was carried out. Parents had different dissatisfactions andRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment1178 Words   |  5 Pagesfocuses on materials and systems in nanosacle. When nanomaterials are fabricated at atomic scales, they may demonstrate enhanced properties with desired structured and functionalities suitable for removing target pollutant in aquatic environment. This remediation includes degradation, or sequestration, or other related approaches that not only improves water quality, but also reduces risks to human posed by target contaminants. In this regard, promoting nanoadsorbents presents opportunities to developRead MoreExample 1 Good Research Proposal With1465 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Research Proposal Assignment  Title: Research Methodology Code: POPP 5006 Module Leader: Dr H. Oztel; Name: Anonymous Student Number: Pxxxxxxx Word Count: 1200 ( Excluding References ) Date: 17 April 20xx Programme: MSc IBM Table of Content Title 3 Keywords 3 Aims of Research 3 Background 3 Research Questions Read MoreTilt The Business Towards Biscuits1711 Words   |  7 Pagesinflows during the off season. This section provides full details about situation analysis, implementation, and advantages and disadvantages applying this method. Analysis The analysis part includes brief explanation about the situation, demand and target market. This would identify available opportunities and make it clear for Big Bottom Market owners. Situation. The Big Bottom menu was developed by an expert, except the biscuits. The biscuits recipe belongs to one of the owners’ mother, which meansRead MoreCritique Steps (Understanding Quantitative Research)1258 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the study. c. Main focus may not be clearly labeled requiring reader to synthesize the purpose from this section. 2. Sample a. Look for representativeness of sample. 1. Representativeness-Subjects are randomly selected from the target population. 2. Target population-Population from which the sample is chosen and study findings are generalized to. Example: All women ages 65 to 90 with a diagnosis of acute MI. 3. Sample size-The sample size should be as large as possible. Sampling error decreasesRead MoreInvestment appraisal method1546 Words   |  7 Pages Table of Contents Section Pg Contents 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methods 4 Comparison and modification 7 Conclusion 9 References 10 Introduction With the development of business, more and more techniques have been widely used into companies

Effects Of Maltreatment On Children And Children - 2057 Words

Every year, within Australia, the number of children who are removed from the care of their parents and placed into government regulated care continues to grow significantly. For these children, maltreatment (or the risk of maltreatment), in the form of abuse or neglect within the family home result in the need for them to be relocated to alternative care arrangements, more commonly referred to as out-of-home care (OOHC). The research which investigates the effects of maltreatment on children, conclusively shows that experiencing trauma and/or neglect during childhood can result in considerable physiological and psychological effects on development across multiple key domains, such as cognitive, social-emotional, academic, and language†¦show more content†¦However, there appears to be a lack of evidentiary information regarding the number of children in OOHC that have been referred and/or accessed speech pathology services to date. Given the lack of information regarding speech pathology referral and access rates for children in OOHC, it is important to gain a better understanding of the level of speech pathology interaction with this population by identify those barriers and/or facilitators which may be hindering or helping speech pathology access for OOHC children. In this regard, the Case Managers and Case Workers assigned with provision of care and services for children in OOHC are considered to be important stakeholders who are well placed within the OOHC system to provide a key perspective of the barriers and facilitators which commonly feature in speech pathology interactions with children in OOHC. When considering what elements may be classified as facilitators and barriers, the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Children Youth Version (ICF-CY) (World Health Organization, 2007), provides the following definition: The environmental factors that make up the physical, social and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives. These factors are external to individuals and can have a positive or negative influence on the

A Personal Experience of Learning About Bipolar Disorder...

A Personal Experience of Learning About Bipolar Disorder My daughter Ashley, an engaging, highly intelligent, beautiful and artistically talented teenager, suffers from a life threatening genetic illness. It is an illness of extremes with a high, some estimates are as much as 20%, mortality rate. It is sometimes, as with my daughter, difficult to treat. It is always difficult for those so afflicted and their families. The contemporary nomenclature for this disease is Bi-Polar Disorder (1). But I prefer the more descriptive, no longer politically correct name, Manic Depression. Most of us understand the dangers inherent in depression and its associated high risk of suicide. Over the last three years my daughter has employed some†¦show more content†¦This is where a form of mania where the person is extremely anxious, hostile and self-destructive called dysphoria (4), occurs simultaneously with the suicidal tendencies of the depressed state. Closely related to the mixed phase, and also among the symptoms experienced by my daughter, is that which is known as rapid cycling (3). This is defined as four or more complete mood cycles within a years time, and some rapid-cyclers can complete a mood cycle in a matter of days--or, more rarely, [as has my daughter] in hours (3) (2). Rapid cycling (3), as well as other forms of pharmacologically induced hypomania/mania (5), as my family has learned, can be the direct result of the use of antidepressant medications. Over the course of four years and approximately 30 different psychoactive pharmacidicals my daughters experiences have been illustrative of how the use of one medication often leads directly to the use of others. And we have seen many of the numerous problems that can be medication induced. Such experiences began after several months of working with a psychologist and no discernable change in the profound depression which gripped my then 13-year-old daughter. She was referred to her first psychiatrist who prescribed the antidepressant medication Nortriptyline (6). This led directly to her diagnoses as Bipolar. Within hours of her first dose, Ashley began toShow MoreRelatedCase Study 3: Bipolar Disorder. Steven Fry Made A Documentary1293 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 3: Bipolar Disorder Steven Fry made a documentary about individuals who suffer from bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, and even includes his own personal experience with the disorder. Many of them are well-known in the public eye and have decided to speak out about their disorder. Not every person in the documentary had the same experience and Steven Fry also spoke with many professionals about possible explanations to bipolar disorder and possible age of onset/diagnosisRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disorder is a fairly common, yet publicly uneducated topic. Bipolar disorder is a frequently repeated and progressive condition wherein one experiences at least one manic episode followed by at least one depressive episode. According to Ferri and Reus (2016), bipolar disorder could be caused from calcium dysregulation, an abnormality of GABA, and the G-protein-coupled receptor abnormality (p. 174). The pathogenesis of bipolar disorder is that it is a heritable condition in whichRead MoreThe Stigma Associated With Bipolar Disorder1448 Words   |  6 PagesLiving with Bipolar Disorder The stigma associated with bipolar disorder is unacceptable. The purpose of this paper is to improve the readers ability to understand what bipolar disorder is and how being diagnosed with this disorder affects all facets of daily living. Family, friends and associates of individuals with bipolar disorder are often affected as well. 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In bipolar disorder, the patientRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder762 Words   |  4 Pages Bipolar Disorder 2 Disorder history, In the 19th century psychiatry, mania had a broad meaning of craziness, hypomania was equated by some concepts of â€Å"partial insanity† or monomania. Bipolar disorder origins in 1854, Jules Baillarger and Jean-Pierre Falret, independently present descriptions of the disorder to Academie de Medicine in Paris. German neuropsychiatrist Emanuel Mendel in 1881 wrote â€Å"that heRead MoreThe Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1589 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper goes over several topics all of which are related to the mind and what is or is not perceived as a mental disorder. There are many different types of approaches to personality. Understanding each approach and how it compares to the others will help understand how one develops their personality. 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They consistentlyRead MoreMental Illnesses Were Not As Formalized As They Are Now986 Words   |  4 Pagesreference the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, also called DSM, for information on hundreds of mental disorders that are currently acknowledged today. There is still a lot of research being done to find out why certain people are afflicted with certain disorders. Some ideas are that the illness is passed along genetically; it is also considered that a personal event or trauma could spark a reaction leading to a disorder. Another idea is that some people are born with a predispositionRead MoreThe Problem Of Bipola r Disorder1462 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Hot N Cold† comes to mind when I think of bipolar disorder, â€Å"You re yes then you re no, You re in then you re out, You re up then you re down.† This is the kind of general explanation that is given to give people an idea of what bipolar is. Not in the sense that it is rapid but it can be a battle between two ends. The National Institute of Mental Health defines bipolar disorder which is â€Å"also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energyRead MorePersonal Reflection On Bipolar Disorder1687 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Reflection Before I truly understood Bipolar disorder, it was still a fairly common word in my vocabulary. Anytime I thought someone was being moody or fluctuating between emotions, I joked by claiming that person to be bipolar. Several incidents of this involved one of my roommates who seemed to be happy one day, and quite the polar opposite the next. However, it was not until my clinical experience on the psychiatric unit that I realized what true bipolar disorder was, and that she did

Game Theory and Life Insurance Free Essays

string(281) " make optimal use of the information lie does have \? It is sufficient for our purposes to characterize tile medical information by two parameters : Ps, tile probability of successfully noticing a bad risk, and PF, tile false alarm probability of detecting a non-existant illness\." Astln Bulletin 11 (198o) 1-16 A GAME T H E O R E T I C LOOK AT L I F E I N S U R A N C E UNDERWRITING* JEAN LEMAIRE Universit6 Libre de Bruxelles Tim decision problem o[ acceptance or rejection of life insurance proposals is formulated as a ~vo-person non cooperattve game between the insurer and the set of the proposers Using the mmtmax criterion or the Bayes criterion, ~t ~s shown how the value and the optunal stxateg~es can be computed, and how an optimal s e t of medina! , mformatmns can be selected and utlhzed 1. FORMULATIONOF THE GAME The purpose of this paper, whose m a t h e m a t i c a l level is elementary, is to d e m o n s t r a t e how g a m e t h e o r y can help the insurers to formulate a n d solve some of their underwriting problems. The f r a m e w o r k a d o p t e d here is life insurance acceptance, but the concepts developed could be a p p h e d to a n y other branch. We will write a custom essay sample on Game Theory and Life Insurance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The decision problem of acceptance or rejection of life insurance proposals can be f o r m u l a t e d as a two-person non cooperative g a m e the following w a y : player 1, P~, is the insurer, while player 2, P2, is the set of all the potential pohcy-hotders. The g a m e is p l a y e d m a n y times, m fact each time a m e m b e r of P. – fills m a proposal. Ve suppose t h a t tlfis person is either perfectly h e a l t h y (and should be accepted) or affected b y a disease which should be detected and cause rejection. We shall assume for the m o m e n t t h a t the players possess only two strategies each. acceptance a n d rejection for P~, health or disease for P2. To be more realistic we should introduce a third pure s t r a t e g y for P~: a c c e p t a n c e of the proposer with a surcharge. To keep the analysis as simple as possible we shall delay the introduction of surcharges until sectmn 4. Consequently we can define a 2 x 2 p a y o f f m a t r i x for the insurer. .P~ †¢ P2 healthy proposer A B ill proposer C D acceptance rejection I t iS evident t h a t the worst o u t c o m e for the insurer is to accept a b a d risk. I n t e r p r e t i n g the payoffs as utilities for P1, C should be the lowest figure. Clearly D B : it is better for the insurer to reject a b a d risk than a good risk. Also A must be greater t h a n B. One anight argue a b o u t the relative * Presented at the 14th ASTIN Colloqumm, Taornuna, October x978. 2 JEAN LEMAIRE values, A and D, of the good outcomes. We shall suppose in the examples and the figures that D A, but the analysis does not rely on this assumptmn. In order to find the value of the game and the optimal strategy for P~, we can apply – – the minimax criterion, or – – the Bayes criterion. 2. THE MINIMAX CRITERION To apply the minimax criterion assimilates P2 to a malevolent opponent whose unique goal is to deceive the insurer and to reduce his payoff. This is of course an extremely conservative approach, to be used by a pessimistic insurer, concerned only by its security level. 2. 1. Value and Optimal Strategies without information Since P2’s objective is to harm P~, the game becomes a 2 x 2 zero-sum twoperson game, which can be represented graphicaUy. The vertical axis of fig. 1 is the payoff to P1. His possible choices are represented by the two straight lines. The horizontal axis is P2’s choice: he can always present an healthy proposer, or a non healthy, or pick any probability mix in between. The use of mixed strategies is fully justified here since the game is to be played m any times. Since P2’s payoff is the negative of Pl’s’, his objective is to minimize the insurer’s maximum gain, the heavy broken line. The ordinate of point M Payoff Io p~ D A B healthy i’x~n hi’Klllh Fig. i LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 3 is then the value of the game. The abscissa of M provides the optimal mixed strategy of P2 P~’s optimal strategy can be obtained similarly (for more details see for instance OWLN (1968, p. 29) ) Thus, by adopting a mixed strategy (to accept any risk with a probability D-B PA = A + D – B – c ‘ and t  ° reject w i t h a p r o b a b i l i t y p n = I AD-BC ? ‘A),. P~ can guarantee himself a payoff of v~ = A + D – B – C ‘ D-C PH = A + D – B – C whatever the strategy adopted by his opponent. P2’s optmml strategy is to present a proportion of good risks. 2. 2. Introduction of Medical Information The preceding model is extremely naive (and vv1Lt only be used as reference for comparisons) since it does not take into account P,’s possibility to gather some information about the proposer’s health, by asking him to fill in an health questmnnaire, or by requiring him to undertake a medical examination. This information is of course only partially reliable. But, however imperfect, it can be used to improve P~’s guaranteed payoff. How can the insurer make optimal use of the information lie does have ? It is sufficient for our purposes to characterize tile medical information by two parameters : Ps, tile probability of successfully noticing a bad risk, and PF, tile false alarm probability of detecting a non-existant illness. Let us introduce a third pure strategy for P , : to follow the indications of tile medical information. If tile proposer is not healthy, his illness is detected with a probabihty Ps, and remains undetected with a probability 1 – – P S . . P i ‘ S expected payoff thus equals E = Dps + C(1-ps). Smailarly, his payoff m case the proposer is healthy is F = (1–pF)A + t~FB. Fig. 2 represents a â€Å"detector† with a . 7 success probability and a . 4 false alarm probability. We notice that, m this case, P1 can guarantee himself a payoff v2 vl by mixing the strategies â€Å"to accept† and â€Å"to follow the detector’s indication†. Of course, for other values of Ps and PF, tile optimal mixed strategy varies and can mix a different set of pnre strategies. The detector can even be so imperfect that the line . FE passes below the intersection of B D and AC; then the medical information is so weak that it is useless. 4 Payoff to Pl JEAN LEMAIRE JD1 J E~ ao % 7o % 4o % 6o % I A. healthy f~n heall hy Fig. 2 2. 3. Optimal Deteclwn System A detector is characterized by a pair (Ps, PFF) of probabilities. The underwriters can decide to render the standards of acceptation more severe, by rejecting more people, thereby incrcasing the success probabihty Ps. Unfortunately, the false alarm probability PF will then increase too. Can gaine theory help us to select an optimal detection system ? Must the company choose a â€Å"nervous† detector, with a high success probability, but also a high false alarm rate, or a â€Å"pldegmatic† or â€Å"slow† system with low probabilities Ps and PF ? Let us assume for sunplicity that all the medical information has been aggregated mto a single discriminating variable (for instance by using discrlminant- or regression analysis). The distribution of the discriminatmg variable for the healthy population will usually overlap the dastribution for the non healthy group. The choice of a particular detector can consist of selecting a critical value, any higher observed value leading to rejection, any lower value to acceptance (this procedure is optimal if the distributions are normal with equal variances Otherwise, tile decision rule can be obtained by a hkelilaood ratio method (see appendix or LEE (1971, pp. 2oi-2o3)). The shaded zone represents the false alarm probability, the dotted region the success probability. Each critical value determines those two probabilities. If the critical value is moved to the right, the detector becomes slower. If it is moved to the left, it become~ more nervous. The set of all the critical values LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING healthy [ non healthy value acceptance t | of the t n g variable dlSCrlmlnat relectlon Fig. 3 Y Ps Fig 4 defines the efficiency curve of the d i s c n m i n a n t variable. The weaker the dlscriminant power of this variable, the nearest to the bissectmg line its efficiency line. A perfect discrimmant variable has a triangular efhciency x y z . The set of all the detectors determines a set of values for the game. The highest value v* for the insurer is reached when the p a y o f f line is horizontal. This can be roughly seen as follows (for a more rigorous proof see LUCE and RAIFFA (1957, pp. 394-396)): the critical value, m o v i n g from left to right, generates a family of hnes with decreasing slope. If . Pat chooses a d e t e c t o r with 6 JEAN LEMAIRE a pos~ttve slope, P= can reduce his payoff below v* b y always presenting h e a l t h y proposers. Similarly, ~f the slope is negative, a continuous flow of non h e a l t h y proposers will keep P~’s payoff below v*. yotl to Pt I D A C h , a i r h~ rmn heulth, Fig 5 The optimal detector can be easdy obtained b y equating the payoffs E and F : Dps + C ( 1 – p s ) = A ( l – p y ) Then (1) + BpF. D-C C-A PF – B – A PS + B – A defines a straight line in fig. 4, whose intersection with the efficiency line determines the o p t i m u m . N o t e t h a t the optimal s t r a t e g y of P~ is a pure s t r a t e g y : to follow the advace of the d e t e c t o r , the insurer does not have to t h r o w a coin after the mecidal examination m order to decide if tile proposer is accepted. W h a t happens is t h a t the â€Å"noise† in the observation system, however small, provides the necessary r a n d o m i z a t i o n in order to p r e v e n t P2 from outguessing the insurer. 2. 4. The Value of Improving the Detectton System A medmal e x a m i n a t i o n can always be improved† one can introduce an electrocardmgram, a blood test . . . . for each proposer. B u t ~s it w o r t h the cost ~ An i m p r o v e d discrimination ability means t h a t tile distributions of fig. 3 are more LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 7 Fig. 6 Payoff to p, D A im rn i ir~f r m i n B C healthy on hl, olt h Fig. 7 separated and present less overlap. The characterizing probabilities ibs and PF are maproved, and the efficiency line moves away from the bisecting line. The intersection of the improved efficiency line with (1) (which is determined only by the payoffs and therefore does not change with increased discrimina- 8 JEAN LEMAIRE tion) provides the new optimal detector; the ass ociated value is higher for the insurer. If the cost of implementing the new system is less (in utilities) than the difference between the two values, it is worthwhile to introduce it. The insurer should be willing to pay any amount inferior to the difference of the values for the increase in lus discrimination ability. 2. 5. A n Example 1 All the proposers above 55 years of age willing to sign a contract of over 3 million Belgian Francs in a given company have to pass a complete medical examination with electrocardiogram. We have selected 200 male proposers, loo rejected because of the electrocardiogram, and loo accepted. This focuses the attention on one category of rejection causes: the heart diseases, and implicitly supposes that the electrocardiogram is a perfect discriminator. This (not unrealistic) hypothesis being made, we can consider the rejected persons to be non healthy. Correspondingly the accepted proposers will form the healthy group. We have then noted the following characteristics of each proposer: x~: overweight or underweight (number of kilograms minus number of centimeters minus loo) ; x2: number of cigarettes (average daily number); m: the presence of sugar x4: or albumine in the urine; x s : the familial antecedents, for the mother, xs† and the father of the proposer. We then define a variable x0 = l o if the proposer is healthy 1 otherwise nd apply a standard selection technique of discriminant analysis in order to sort out the variables that slgnihcantly affect Xo The procedure only retains three variables xj, x2 and m, and combines them hnearly into a discriminating variable. The value of this variable ~s computed for all the observatmns, and tile observed distributions are presented in fig. 8. As was expected, the discrimination i s quite poor, the distributions strongly overlap. The multiple correlation between Xo and the set of the explaining variables equals . 26. The group centroids are respectively . 4657 and . 343We then estmaate for each possible crltmal value Ps and PF and plot them on fig. lo. t This e x a m p l e p r e s e n t s v e r y w e a k d e t e c t o r s a n d is o n l y i n t r o d u c e d m o r d e r to illus t r a t e t h e p r e c e d m g theory. LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 9 Fig 8 S Fig 9 We must now assign uNhtlcs to the various outcomes. We shall select A = 8, B = 4, C = o and D = lo. Then the value of the g a m e w i t h o u t medical information is 5. 714, P2 presenting 2/7 of bad usks and P i accepting 3/7 of the proposals. Let us now introduce the medmal reformation nd for instance evaluate the s t r a t e g y t h a t corresponds to a . 5 critical value. On fig. lO, we can read ~s = . 51 a n d PF = 33. Then E = . 5] ? ]o + . 4 9 x o = 5-], a n d F = 3 3 x 4 + . 67 x 8 = 6. 68. The value of this game is 6 121, P2 presenting more bad risks (34. 1%), P I mixing the strategies † r e j e c t † and â€Å"follow d e t e c t o r † with respect- 10 JEAN LE/vIAIRE F i g . 1o Fig. 11 LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 11 lye probabilities . 208 and . 792 Fig. 11 shows t h a t this s t r a t e g y is too â€Å"slow†, t h a t too m a n y risks are accepted. On the other hand, a detector w~th a . 4 critical value is too nervous: too m a n y risks are rejected T h e value is 5. 975, P2’s optimal s t r a t e g y is to present 74. 7% of good risks, while Pa should accept 29. 7% of the tmle and trust the d e t e c t o r otherwise. To find the o p t i m u m , we read the intersection of the efficiency line with equation (1), in this case 5 ~F = 2 – 2 Ps We find PF = . 425 Ps = . 63 with a critical value of . 475. T h e n E = lOX. 63 + ox. 37 = . 425Ãâ€"4 + – 5 7 5 x 8 = 6. 3. f the insurer adopts the ptu’e s t r a t e g y of always accepting the a d w c e of the medical information, he can g u a r a n t e e himself a value of 6. 3 irrespective of his o p p o n e n t ‘ s strategy. L e t us now a t t e m p t to improve the me examination b y a d n g a new variable xT, the blood pressure of the proposer Because of the high positive correlation between xt and xv, the selection procedure only retains as signific ant the variables x. % xe and x7 Fig. 9 shows t h a t the distributions are more separated. In fact, the group centroids are now . 4172 and . 828 and the multiple correlation between xo and the selected variables rises to . 407. T h e efficiency hne (fig IO) is uniformly to the right of the f o r m e r one. The intersection with (1) is PF = 37 P,s = . 652 with a critical value of approxunatxvely . 45. The value of the game rises to 6. 52, an i m p r o v e m e n t of 22 for the insurer at the cost of controlling the blood pressure of each proposer (see fig. 1~). 3’ THE BAYES CRITERION I n s t e a d of playing as if the proposer’s sole objective were to o u t s m a r t him, the insurer can a p p l y the B a r e s crlter~on, i. . assume t h a t P2 has a d o p t e d a fixed a priori s t r a t e g y H e can suppose (from past experience o1†³ from the results of a sample s u r v e y p e r f o r m e d with a m a x n n a i mecal examination) t h a t a p r o p o r t i o n Pn of the proposers is healthy. The analysis is easier m this 12 JEAN LEMAIRE case, since P2’s m i x e d strategy is now assumed to be known P t only faces a one-dimensional p r o b l e m ‘ he must maximize his utility on the d o t t e d vertical line of fig. 12. Pc/Of f p~ to JD A t B, N C ol eall hy 1 – PH PH non heoll hy Fig 12 One notices from fig. 12 t h a t a medical examination is sometimes useless, especially if PH is near 1. In this case, P t ‘ s optimal s t r a t e g y is to accept all the proposers. In the general case, P t should m a x m n z e the linear function of PF a n d PH [~5FB + (1 – – pF)A]~SH + [paD + (I – ps)c] (1 – PH), under the condition t h a t PF and Ps are linked b y the efficiency curve of fig. 4. As far as the example is concerned, this economic function (represented in fig lo) becomes 1. Ps – 3 4PF if one supposes that p2’s mixed s t r a t e g y is to present 15% of bad risks. 6. 8 + F o r the first set of medical information (xl, x2, x6), tile m a x i m u m is reached at the point Ps = . 28, PF = . 09. Since PH is r a t h e r tngh, this is a v e r y slow detector, yielding a fmal u t d l t y of 6. 914. Comparing to the optimal n n x e d strategy, this represents an increase in utility of . 614, due to tlie exploitation of . P2’s poor play. Of course, tliis d e t e c t o r is only good as long as P2 sticks to LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 3 his mixed strategy. It is uneffective against a change in the proposers’ behaviour: if for instance PH suddenly drops below . 725, P~’s utlhty decreases under 6. 3, the guaranteed payoff with the mlmmax strategy In this aspect, the Bayes criterion implies a more optimistic attitute of P1. For the second set of medical information (x2, m, xT), the opblnal detector (Ps = . 45, ~bF = o9) grants a utility of 7. t69 if PH = . 85, an improvement of . 649 colnparing to the ininimax strategy (see fig. 11). 4. T O W A R D S MORE R E A L I S M 4. 1. Surcharges Conceptually, the introduction of the possibility of accepting a proposer with a surcharge presents little difficulty: it amounts to introduce one more pure strategy for the insurer. Payoll to ID A G B heollhy non heoil hy F , g . 13 A detector could then be defined by two critical values C1 and C2 enveloping an m c e m t u d e or surcharge zone. The two critical limits would detelmme 4 probabihtles fl~ f12 p8 p4 = = = = probability probabihty probability probability of of of of accepting a bad risk surcharging a bad risk rejecting a good risk surcharging a good risk 14 JEAN LEMAIRE ealthy non healthy V Surchar~le I C1 C2 Fig. 14 and two efficiency curves. A necessary condition for a detector to be optimal is that the corresponding payoff hne is horizontal, i. e. that (2) (1–p3-~@A + 7b,G + p3B = ( 1 – p ~ – p 2 ) D + P2H + P~C. The two efficiency curves and (2) determine 3 relations between the probabilities. One more degree of freedom is thus available to maxim ize the payoff. 4. 2. Increaszng the Number of Strategies of P2 In order to practically implement the preceding theory one should subdivide P2’s strategy â€Å"present a non healthy proposer† according to the arious classes of diseases. P1 should then have as pure strategaes: reject, accept, a set of surcharges, and follow detector’s advice, and P2 as m a n y pure strategms as the number of health classes. The graphical interpretation of the game is lost, but linear programming fan be used in order to determine its value and optimal strategies. Appendix: The Likehhood Ratio Method Let — x be the value of tlle discriminant variable, healthy, – – p(H) and p(NH) the a priori probabihties of being healthy or non – – f(x I H) and f(x ] NH) the conditional distributions of x. We can then compute the a posterior1 probability of being non healthy, given the value of the discriminant variable (1) p = p ( N g ix) = f(x l g H ) p ( N H ) f(x l N H ) p ( g g ) + f ( x l H)p(H)† LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 15 Similarly p ( H I x) = l – p. T h e e x p e c t e d payoffs for the two decisions are EPA = ( 1 – p ) A EPR = (1-p)B Define D* to be D* = EPA — + pC + po. EPn = [(A-B)+(D-C)]p – (A-B). Consequently, D* is a linear function of p, with a positive slope. There exists a critical ~b, ~b,, for which D* = o’ (A – B ) Pc = ( A – B ) + ( D – C ) nd the optimal decision rule is to reject if p Pc ( t h e n D * o ) a n d t o – – accept if p Pc (then D * o ) . — If f ( x [ H) and f(x I N H ) are normal densities with equal variances, there is a one-to-one m o n o t o n i c relationship between p and x, and thus the crttmal p r o b a b l h t y Pc induces a critical value xe. In general , however, the cutoff point is not unique. T h e r e m a y be two or more critical values. In t h a t case, we define the likelihood ratio of x for hypothesis N H over hypothesis H as f(x [ N H ) L(x) Of f(x I H) c o u r s e o _- L(x) = oo. S u b s t i t u t i n g L(x) in (1) gives 1 P = or 1 L(x) p ( N H ) + p(H) p 1 (2) L(x) – p ( N H ) l – p † F o r constant a priori probabilities, there is a m o n o t o n e relationship between p and L(x); L(x) goes from o to oo as p goes from o to 1. Therefore, a unique critical likelihood ratio Lc(x) exists and can be obtained b y replacing Pc for p in (2) (3) p(H) A – B Lc(x) – p ( N H ) D – C† ] 6 JEAN LEMAIRE p 1. 0 ~-Pc = 0 5 0. 5 I I I NH H I_-~ X? I J_ X? 2 H — Fig. 15 The optimal decision rule reads if L(x) L c ( x ) , reject; if L ( x ) L c ( x ) , accept. Notice that, i f A – B = D – C , pc = 1/2 The decision rule is equivalent to maximizing the e x p e c t e d n u m b e r of correct classifications. F r o m (3) p(H) L e(x) #(NH)† If, furthermore, the prior probabii]ties are equal, Lc(x) = 1. REFERENCES AXELROD, 1~ (1978) Copzng wzth deception, International conference on applied game theory, Vmnna LEE, V,r. (1971) Dec~szon theory and human behaviour, J. Wiley, New York LuCE, R and H ]{AIFFA (1957). Games and deczszons, J Wiley, New York. OWEN, G. (1968) Game theory, ~V. Saunders, Philadelphia. How to cite Game Theory and Life Insurance, Essays

Discussion on Hunting Housing and Homeland Security

Question: Discuss about the Discussion on Hunting Housing and Homeland Security. Answer: Introduction: The first issue raised in the question answer session was by Eliza Gay, who mentioned the rising rate of terrorist attacks all over the globe and how the human society has come to accept it as a inevitable part of modern human society, as stated by the mayor of London. The next issue in the discussion was on the lone wolf attacks happening across the western capitals and whether the emphasis of terror on the Western coalition partners is neutralizing outcome of the loss of countless Islamic lives in Syria and Iraq (Hunting, Housing and Homeland Security | QA | ABC TV, 2017). The third social issue discussed in the program is the rising threat of the Islamic populations attempting to the establishment of a worldwide caliphate. And how the Western citizens are supposed to respond to such a situation that threatens the peace and sovereignty of their homelands. The next issue discussed in the discussion was about some unrealistic policies like the Europe based immigration and refugee policy and if it is in some manner beneficial to the migration situation of Australia. And the questioner also raised the concern about how many more terror attacks will be the collateral damage before the authorities understand the depths of the repercussions of these policies (Hunting, Housing and Homeland Security | QA | ABC TV, 2017). The next set of questions raised by an Islamic Australian resident highlights an interesting albeit odd scenario. The issue addressed in this question is the racial discrimination faced by Australian minorities and how the situation is worsened by the divisive upheaval in different sectors of the society (Hunting, Housing and Homeland Security | QA | ABC TV, 2017). On a similar note the next questioner raised the concern of how the religious minorities like the Jewish being insulted and discriminated in open streets and if the laws that the multicultural hub, like Australia takes pride on its cultural diversity are making life difficult for the minorities (Hunting, Housing and Homeland Security | QA | ABC TV, 2017). The last issue raised by the programme is on the rising number of homeless youngsters in Australia and how the increasing amount of foreign investors and proprietors leading the young generation of Australia homeless (Hunting, Housing and Homeland Security | QA | ABC TV, 2017). The social policy debated in this program was concerned with the immigration policy in place in Australia. The questioner raises a concern over the inclination of the Australian policies towards the Europe based regulations and very rightly questioned Amanda Rishworth on how long the Australian citizens have to cope with terrorist attacks before the authorities discovered that the immigration situation in Australia is much different than the one in Europe. Amanda tackled the situation commendably by agreeing to the initial argument by the questioner. It has to be considered that there is reality in what Amanda tried to explain. Australia deals with a much more diverse and huge group of influx that can outweigh the major part of Europe influx (Hill, 2003). However Stephanie attempted to share her strong believes on how the open field policy in Germany is leading to increasing terrorism and how taking those footsteps can land Australia in the same predicament. However Peter Holmes, a panellist who had the opportunity to stay in Germany for a period pointed it out rightly that the entirety of Europe is facing terrorism and one strict policy cannot be a catalyst here (Hunting, Housing and Homeland Security | QA | ABC TV, 2017). On the other hand the stricter Australian policies on immigration have been saved by the refugee camps on the shores and the fact that Australia is fact is closed off from all ends by the ocean. However Mark Seymour very rightfully stated that the refugee camps sometimes can work like the torture machines regardless of the fact that there can be immigrants who might have come the wrong way and have nothing to do with terrorism. Hence these camps could and should be closed off so that Australian government does not continue to shred layer after layer of humanity while avoiding security breach (Hunting, Housing and Homeland Security | QA | ABC TV, 2017). In the light of the recent global domination of brutality and remorseless terrorism, all the nations are securing their armours to ensure the safety of the nation and the citizens. The immigration policies are a major part of that armour. The Australian policy on immigration, or the white policy as popularly known as has been a protective barrier for the government to diminish the levels of terrorist attacks but there are a lot of arguments about the effectiveness of the policy in the reality (Jamrozik, 2009). It has to be considered that the Australian government has not become anti-immigration all of a sudden; this has been a constant feature of the Australian regulations, however in the light of recent surge in terrorism it has strengthened significantly. However the shoreline refugee camps are doing things none too great with the immigrants. It has to be considered that some of them are truly in the wrong place at the wrong time and they by no means deserve the excessively harsh and inhuman treatment that they receive in the camps (Collins, 2013). However the scenarios at the asylum seekers camp in the shoreline are not changing, according to studies there is no set limit for how long the immigrants are supposed to stay in camp, and their free will is at complete mercy of the Australian government and immigration committee (Carson Kerr, 2014). As mentioned by the Australian immigration minister Peter Dutton, the government will not accept the illegal immigrants at any cost and they will not be given opportunity to settle down the country permanently at any circumstances (Kubrin, Zatz Martinez, 2012). This stand that government has decided to take on immigration has provided the humanitarian part of the society a conundrum. While it is undoubtedly unacceptable to rob human of their free will and force them to stay under the radar of a foreign government for any period of time just because of a mistaken entry, the situation of terrorism deserves equal attention as well (Neumann Tavan, 2013). Although there can be a few amendments that can be incorporated, for instance there should be discretion in the refugee camps that can recognize and validate the immigrants that have come to the Australian Shore by mistake or a foolish attempt to seek the asylum (Wood McAdam, 2012). However we cannot expect the government to not take a strict action on the immigration situation when the safety of the citizens is at stake. However, we can always expect the government to take a more humanitarian frontier without compromising the safety of the nation or its citizens. References: Carson, E., Kerr, L. (2014). Australian Social Policy and the Human Services. Cambridge University Press Collins, J. (2013). Rethinking Australian immigration and immigrant settlement policy.Journal of Intercultural Studies,34(2), 160-177. Hill, M. (2003). Understanding Social Policy, 7th Edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Hunting, Housing and Homeland Security | QA | ABC TV. (2017). Abc.net.au. Retrieved 18 April 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/tv/qanda/txt/s4624232.htm Jamrozik, A. (2009). Social Policy in the Post-Welfare State: Australian in a changing world (3rd edition), Pearson Education, NSW. Kubrin, C. E., Zatz, M. S., Martinez, R. (Eds.). (2012). Punishing immigrants: Policy, politics, and injustice. NYU Press. McClelland, A. (2006). Australia: Understanding for Action, Oxford University Press. Neumann, K., Tavan, G. (2013).Does History Matter?: Making and debating citizenship, immigration and refugee policy in Australia and New Zealand(p. 153). ANU Press. Wood, T., McAdam, J. (2012). III. Australian Asylum Policy all at Sea: An analysis of Plaintiff M70/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship and the AustraliaMalaysia Arrangement.International and Comparative Law Quarterly,61(01), 274-300.

Personal Biography

Question: You need to include in the email a well-structured Personal Biography. The biography should contain an overview of your education, work experience and achievements. Answer: To: mailidoflocallecturer@mail.com [Use your lecturer mail id]From: studentmailid@mail.com [Use your mail id] Subject: Week 2 Participation Activity 1 [Professional Skills for Communication and Information Technology]Respected Sir / Madam, I am a ..[year] student at Central Queen Plan University majoring in [major]. I would appreciate the opportunity to talk with you about Week 2 participation activity 1 related to the coursework, Professional Skills for Communication and Information Technology. I, have done my bachelor degree in EC post which I worked as a web designer for one year. I have very good skills in digital and analog electronics. I have good knowledge about the operations of microprocessor and microcontroller also. I can do the peripheral programming very well. Besides my domain, I have done advanced courses on C, JAVA Script, PHP, HTML, and XML. One year job experience in web designing helped me to develop real world applications. This working course helped me to know about computer security protocols such different types of encryption technique, firewall application and intrusion detection system. From that job, I have not learned only educational courses but also gained knowledge on project management and communication skills. Through the project management skills, I become able to collect data to identify clients requirements. I have created new web pages and web contents also which helped to store customers feedback. All these factors contributed to developing an effective communication platform throughout the organization. After that, I have completed my master degree in an information system. Through this course, I gained knowledge about developing tools and methods to facilitate satisfactory communication for managing IT resources. This course helped me to obtain proper knowledge in response to resource allocations and risk mitigation plans. I have completed my final year project on communication filed. I have done social works in my home country, Australia. Though these social works, I engaged with some NGO organizations. These social works give me the happiness to stand beside someone and to fulfill their needs. Now, I want to obtain professional skills in the information communication technology (ICT) field. As I want to grow my career in a reputed organization, it is very necessarily for me to learn the ICT courses very well. Professional support of ICT courses will help to understand how to emerge organizational goals with the culture of the people. ICT courses are the combination of information technology and communication. Therefore, through this course, I will be able to develop my technical skills with communication expertise. By learning this course, I will become able to implement effective and efficient IT infrastructure inside the organization for advanced business applications. As I have one working experience in Web Designing applications, I can easily adapt the ICT courses and can provide bets busines s services to the customers. Moreover, the ICT course offers several opportunities in various fields such as software programming and engineering, multimedia developments, security analysis and e-marketing process. All these fields will enhance my professional skills to give the best output for organizational benefits. This IT skill will also help to gain leadership skills, opportunities and challenges that contribute to making a satisfying career for me. Under such circumstances, it is my request to incorporate practical applications of the course in audio-video forms with theoretical knowledge, so that the course will be understood in a better way. With this, if you provide all the details of this course such as course fee and starting date of the course, I will be able to manage my schedule according to that. If you kindly consider my application and provide me the chances to learn this course under your guidance, I will be highly obliged to you.Sincerely(Name of the Student) Stu dent number Program of study Bibliography Aslan, A. and Chang, Z.H.U., 2015. Pre-service teachers' perceptions of ICT integration in teacher education in Turkey. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 14(3).Fuglseth, A.M. and Sreb, ., 2014. The effects of technostress within the context of employee use of ICT. Computers in Human Behavior, 40, pp.161-170.Giannakos, M., Hubwieser, P. and Chrisochoides, N., 2013, March. How students estimate the effects of ICT and programming courses. InProceeding of the 44th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education (pp. 717-722). ACM.Goktas, Y. and Demirel, T., 2012. Blog-enhanced ICT courses: Examining their effects on prospective teachers ICT competencies and perceptions.Computers Education, 58(3), pp.908-917.